Blood Pressure

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  • Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/0AAPA/ ABC/ACPM/AGS/ APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. Nov. 7, 2017.

Heart Rate

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  • Ostchega Y, Porter KS, Hughes J, Dillion CF, Nwankwo T. Resting pulse rate reference data for children, adolescents, and adults: United States, 1999–2008. National health statistics reports; no 41. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2011.
  • Palatini P, Julius S. Heart rate and the cardiovascular risk. J Hypertens. 1997; 15:3-17.
  • Palatini P, Benetos A, Grassi G, et al. Identification and management of the hypertensive patient with elevated heart rate: statement of a European Society of Hypertension Consensus Meeting. J Hypertens. 2006;24:603-610.
  • Fox K, Borer JS, Camm AJ, et al. Resting heart rate in cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50:823-830.

Respiratory Rate

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  • Wheatley I. Respiratory rate 3: how to take an accurate measurement. Nursing Times 2018;114(7):21-22.
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  • Lindh WQ, Pooler M, Tamparo CD, et al. Delmar’s Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Administrative and Clinical Competencies. New York: Cengage Learning; 2006; p.573.

Pulse Oximetry

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  • The oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve. The University of Texas Medical Branch.

A Body Shape Index (ABSI)

  • Krakauer NY, Krakauer JC. A new body shape index predicts mortality hazard independently of body mass index. PLoS ONE 2012;7:e39504.
  • Krakauer NY, Krakauer JC. Dynamic association of mortality hazard with body shape. PLoS ONE 2014;9:e88793.
  • Dhana K, Kavousi M, Ikram MA, Tiemeier HW, Hofman A, Franco OH. Body shape index in comparison with other anthropometric measures in prediction of total and cause-specific mortality. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2016;70:90–6.
  • Dhana K, Kavousi M, Ikram MA, et al. Body shape index in comparison with other anthropometric measures in prediction of total and cause-specific mortality. J Epidemiol Community Health 2016;70:90–6.
  • Song X, Jousilahti P, Stehouwer CD, et al. Comparison of various surrogate obesity indicators as predictors of cardiovascular mortality in four European populations. Eur J Clin Nutr 2013;67:1298–302.
  • Song X, Jousilahti P, Stehouwer CD, et al, DECODE Study Group. Cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in relation to various anthropometric measures of obesity in Europeans. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2015;25:295–304.
  • Stevens J, Cai J, Pamuk ER, et al. The effect of age on the association between body-mass index and mortality. N Engl J Med 1998;338:1–7.
  • Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Rifkind BM, et al. Cholesterol lowering in the elderly population. Coordinating Committee of the National Cholesterol Education Program. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:1670–8.
  • Pischon T, Boeing H, Hoffmann K, et al. General and abdominal adiposity and risk of death in Europe. N Engl J Med 2008;359:2105–20.
  • He S, Chen X. Could the new body shape index predict the new onset of diabetes mellitus in the Chinese population? PLoS One. 2013;8:e50573.
  • Bun CY. “A body shape index” in middle-age and older Indonesian population: scaling exponents and association with incident hypertension. PLoS One. 2014;9:e85421.
  • Duncan MJ, Mota J, Vale S, Santos MP, Ribeiro JC. Associations between body mass index, waist circumference and body shape index with resting blood pressure in Portuguese adolescents. Am J Hum Biol. 2013;40:163–7.

Conicity Index

  • Valdez R. A simple model-based index of abdominal adiposity. J Clin Epidemiol. 1991;44(9): 955–6.
  • Valdez R, Seidell JC, Ahn YI, Weiss KM. A new index of abdominal adiposity as an indicator of risk for cardiovascular disease. A cross-population study. Int J Obes.1993;17 (2):77-82.
  • Pitanga FJ, Lessa I. Sensitivity and specificity of the conicity index as a coronary risk predictor among adults in Salvador, Brazil. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2004;7(3):259-69.

Abdominal Volume Index (AVI)

  • Guerrero-Romero F, Rodriquez-Moran M. Abdominal Volume Index: An Anthropometry-Based Index for Estimation of Obesity is strongly related to impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Archives of Medical Research. 2003. 34:428-432.
  • Gowda V, Phillip KM. Abdominal volume index and the conicity index in predicting metabolic abnormalities in young women of different socioeconomic class. International Journal of Medical Science and Public Health. 2016 5(4):1452-1456.
  • Aryee C, Owiredu W, Osei-Yeboah J, et al. An analysis of Anthropometric Indicators and modifiable lifestyle parameters associated with hypertensive nephropathy. International Journal of Hypertension. 2016:1-16.

Body Roundness Index (BRI)

  • Thomas et al. Relationships between body roundness with body fat and visceral adipose tissue emerging from a new geometrical model. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013 November; 21(11): 2264–2271.
  • Gallagher et al. Healthy percentage body fat ranges: an approach for developing guidelines based on body mass index. Am J Clin Nutr, 2000. 72(3):694–701.
  • Wang et al. New anthropometric indices or old ones: which perform better in estimating cardiovascular risks in Chinese adults. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders. (2018) 18:14.
  • Maessen MFH, Eijsvogels TMH, Verheggen RJHM, Hopman MTE, Verbeek ALM, et al. Entering a New Era of Body Indices: The Feasibility of a Body Shape Index and Body Roundness Index to Identify Cardiovascular Health Status. (2014) PLoS ONE 9(9): e107212. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0107212.
  • Zhao et al. Capacity of a body shape index and body roundness index to identify diabetes mellitus in Han Chinese people in Northeast China: a cross-sectional study Diabet. Med. (2018) 35, 1580–1587.
  • Chang Y, Guo X, Chen Y, Guo L, Li Z, Yu S et al. A body shape index and body roundness index: two new body indices to identify diabetes mellitus among rural populations in northeast China. BMC Public Health 2015; 15: 794.
  • Feng et al. Body Adiposity Index and Body Roundness Index in Identifying Insulin Resistance Among Adults Without Diabetes. Am J Med Sci 2019;357(2):116−123.

See more peer-reviewed abstracts related to BRI

Body Fat percent

  • Thomas et al. Relationships between body roundness with body fat and visceral adipose tissue emerging from a new geometrical model. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013 November; 21(11): 2264–2271.
  • Gallagher et al. Healthy percentage body fat ranges: an approach for developing guidelines based on body mass index. Am J Clin Nutr, 2000. 72(3):694–701.
  • Body Composition Norms. Physical Fitness Assessments and Norms for Adults and Law Enforcement. The Cooper Institute, Dallas, Texas. 2013.
  • Liguori G. ACSM’s Health Related Physical Fitness Assessment Manual, 5th ed. Wolters Kluwer. Philadelphia PA, 2018.

Visceral Adipose Tissue (VAT)

  • Britton KA, Massaro JM, Murabito JM, Kreger BE, Hoffman U, Fox CS. Body Fat Distribution, Incident Cardiovascular Disease, Cancer, and All-cause Mortality. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;62: 921–925.
  • Galmes-Panades AM, Konieczna J, Abete I, et al. Lifestyle factors and visceral adipose tissue: Results from the PREDIMED-PLUS study. PLOS ONE 2019;14(3): e0214837.
  • Lee JJ, Pedley A, Hoffmann U, Massaro JM, Fox CS. Association of Changes in Abdominal Fat Quantity and Quality With Incident Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016 Oct 4;68(14):1509-21
  • Thomas et al. Relationships between body roundness with body fat and visceral adipose tissue emerging from a new geometrical model. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013 November; 21(11): 2264–2271.
  • Nam S.Y., Choi I.J., Ryu K.H., Park B.J., Kim H.B., Nam B. Abdominal visceral adipose tissue volume is associated with increased risk of erosive esophagitis in men and women. Gastroenterology, 2010;139 (6):1902-1911.
  • Nam SY1, Kim BC, Han KS, Ryu KH, Park BJ, Kim HB, Nam BH. Abdominal visceral adipose tissue predicts risk of colorectal adenoma in both sexes. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010 May;8(5):443-50.

Fat Free Mass/Body Fat Mass Index

  • Kyle UG, Schutz Y, Dupertuis YM, Pichard C. Body composition interpretation: contribution of fat-free mass index and body fat mass index. Nutrition 2003;19: 597
  • Kyle UG, Morabia A, Schutz Y, et al. Sedentarism Affects Body Fat Mass Index and Fat-Free Mass Index in Adults Aged 18 to 98 Years. Nutrition 2004;20:255–260.
  • Van Itallie TB, Yang M-U, Heymsfield SB, Funk RC, Boileau RA. Height normalized indices of the body’s fatfree mass and fat mass: potentially useful indicators of nutritional status. Am J Clin Nutr 1990; 52: 953.

Body Adiposity Index

  • Bergman RN. A better index of body adiposity. Obesity. 2012;19:1135.
  • Bergman RN, Stefanovski D, Buchanan TA, et al. A better index of body adiposity. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2011;19:1083–1089.
  • Thomas DM, Bredlau C, Bosy-Westphal A, et al. Relationships between body roundness with body fat and visceral adipose tissue emerging from a new geometrical model. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013;21:2264–2271.
  • Johnson W, Chumlea WC, Czerwinski SA, et al. Concordance of the recently published body adiposity index with measured body fat percent in European-American adults. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2012;20:900–903.
  • Zhao D, Li Y, Zheng L, et al. Brief communication: body mass index, body adiposity index, and percent body fat in Asians. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2013;152:294–299.
  • Sun G, Cahill F, Gulliver W, et al. Concordance of BAI and BMI with DXA in the Newfoundland population. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013;21:499-503.

Body Mass Index (BMI)

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Trends in strength training—United States, 1998–2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2006; 55(28):769–72.
  • Beydoun MA, Wang Y. Gender–ethnic disparity in BMI and waist circumference distribution shifts in US adults. Obesity. 2009;17:169–76.
  • Gómez-Ambrosi J, Silva C, Galofré JC, et al. Body mass index classification misses subjects with increased cardiometabolic risk factors related to elevated adiposity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2011;36:286–94.
  • Okorodudu DO, Jumean MF, Montori VM, et al. Diagnostic performance of body mass index to identify obesity as defined by body adiposity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Obes (Lond) 2010;34:791–9.
  • Phillips CM, Tierney AC, Perez-Martinez P, et al. Obesity and body fat classification in the metabolic syndrome: impact on cardiometabolic risk metabotype. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013;21: E154–61.
  • Garrow, J.S. & Webster, J., 1985. Quetelet’s index (W/H2) as a measure of fatness. Int. J. Obes., 9(2), pp.147–153.
  • Freedman, D.S., Horlick, M. & Berenson, G.S., 2013. A comparison of the Slaughter skinfold-thickness equations and BMI in predicting body fatness and cardiovascular disease risk factor levels in children. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 98(6), pp.1417–24.
  • Wohlfahrt-Veje, C. et al., 2014. Body fat throughout childhood in 2647 healthy Danish children: agreement of BMI, waist circumference, skinfolds with dual X-ray absorptiometry. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 68(6), pp.664–70.
  • Steinberger, J. et al., 2005. Comparison of body fatness measurements by BMI and skinfolds vs dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and their relation to cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents. Int. J. Obes., 29(11), pp.1346–1352.
  • Sun, Q. et al., 2010. Comparison of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometric and anthropometric measures of adiposity in relation to adiposity-related biologic factors. Am. J. Epidemiol., 172(12), pp.1442–1454.
  • Lawlor, D.A. et al., 2010. Association between general and central adiposity in childhood, and change in these, with cardiovascular risk factors in adolescence: prospective cohort study. BMJ, 341, p.c6224.
  • Flegal, K.M. & Graubard, B.I., 2009. Estimates of excess deaths associated with body mass index and other anthropometric variables. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 89(4), pp.1213–1219.
  • Freedman, D.S. et al., 2009. Relation of body mass index and skinfold thicknesses to cardiovascular disease risk factors in children: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 90(1), pp.210–216.
  • Willett, K. et al., 2006. Comparison of bioelectrical impedance and BMI in predicting obesity-related medical conditions. Obese. (Silver Spring), 14(3), pp.480–490.

Waist-to-Height Ratio (WHR)

  • Hsieh SD, Yoshinaga H. Abdominal fat distribution and coronary heart disease risk factors in men – waist/height ratio as a simple and useful predictor. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1995; 19:585-589.
  • Margaret Ashwell. Charts Based on Body Mass Index and Waist-to-Height Ratio to Assess the Health Risks of Obesity: A Review. The Open Obesity Journal, 2011, 3, 78-84.
  • Ashwell M. The need for a new shape chart for assessing the risks of obesity. Proc Nutr Soc 1995; 54: 86A.
  • Ashwell M. The Ashwell Shape Chart-a public health approach to the metabolic risks of obesity. Int J Obes 1998; 22: S213.
  • Ashwell M. The Ashwell Shape Chart-a new millennium approach to communicate the metabolic risks of obesity. Obes Res 1997; 5:45S.
  • Kannel WB, Cupples LA, Ramaswami R, Stokes J, 3rd, Kreger BE,Higgins M. Regional obesity and risk of cardiovascular disease; the Framingham Study. J Clin Epidemiol 1991; 44: 183-90.
  • Lee JS, Aoki K, Kawakubo K, Gunji A. A study on indices of body fat distribution for screening for obesity. Sangyo Eiseigaku Zasshi 1995; 37: 9-18.
  • Ashwell M, Lejeune S, McPherson K. Ratio of waist circumference to height may be better indicator of need for weight management.BMJ 1996; 312: 377.
  • Breeze E, Maidment A, Bennet N, Flatley J, Carey S. Health Survey for England 1992. London: HMSO 1994.
  • Anderson KM, Odell PM, Wilson PW, Kannel WB. Cardiovascular disease risk profiles. Am Heart J 1991; 121: 293-8.
  • Ashwell M, Gibson S. Waist-to-height ratio as an indicator of ‘early health risk’: simpler and more predictive than using a ‘matrix’ based on BMI and waist circumference. BMJ Open 2016;6:e010159. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010159.

Waist-to-Hip Ratio (WHR)

  • Hartz et al. The association of girth measurements with disease in 32,856 women. Am Journal Epidemiology 1984;119:71-80
  • Pretheeban M, Hammond G, Bandiera S, et al. Waist-to-height ratio is a better screening tool than waist circumference and BMI for adult cardiometabolic risk factors: systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2012;13:275–86.
  • De Koning L, Merchant AT, Pogue J et al. Waist circumference and waist‐to‐hip ratio as predictors of cardiovascular events: meta‐regression analysis of prospective studies. European Heart Journal, 2007, 28(7):850‐856.
  • APCSC. Central obesity and risk of cardiovascular disease in the Asia Pacific Region. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2006, 15(3):287‐292.
  • Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S et al. Obesity and the risk of myocardial infarction in 27,000 participants from 52 countries: a case‐control study. Lancet, 2005, 366(9497):1640‐1649.
  • Gelber RP, Gaziano JM, Orav EJ et al. Measures of obesity and cardiovascular risk among men and women. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2008, 52(8):605‐615.
  • Zhu S, Heymsfield SB, Toyoshima H et al. Race ethnicity specific waist circumference cutoffs for identifying cardiovascular disease risk factors. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2005, 81(2):409‐415.
  • Huxley R, Barzi F, Lee CM et al. Waist circumference thresholds provide an accurate and widely applicable method for the discrimination of diabetes. Diabetes Care, 2007, 30(12):3116‐3118.
  • Huxley R, James WP, Barzi F et al. Ethnic comparisons of the cross‐sectional relationships between measures of body size with diabetes and hypertension. Obesity Reviews, 2008, 9 Suppl 1:53‐61.
  • Nyamdorj R, Qiao Q, Lam TH et al. BMI compared with central obesity indicators in relation to diabetes and hypertension in Asians. Obesity (Silver Spring), 2008, 16(7):1622‐1635.
  • Qiao Q, Nyamdorj R. The optimal cutoff values and their performance of waist circumference and waist‐to‐hip ratio for diagnosing type II diabetes. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2010b, 64(1):23‐29.

Waist Circumference (WC)

  • Wickkiser JD , Kelly JM . The body composition of a college football team. Med Sci Sports. 1975 Fall;7(3):199-202.
  • World Health Organization. Waist Circumference and Waist-Hip Ratio. Report of a WHO Expert Consultation. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008.
  • Huxley R, Mendis S, Zheleznyakov E et al. Body mass index, waist circumference and waist:hip ratio as predictors of cardiovascular risk – a review of the literature. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2010, 64(1):16‐22.
  • Seidell JC. Waist circumference and waist/hip ratio in relation to all‐cause mortality, cancer and sleep apnea. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2010, 64(1):35‐41.
  • De Koning L, Merchant AT, Pogue J et al. Waist circumference and waist‐to‐hip ratio as predictors of cardiovascular events: meta‐regression analysis of prospective studies. European Heart Journal, 2007, 28(7):850‐856.
  • APCSC. Central obesity and risk of cardiovascular disease in the Asia Pacific Region. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2006, 15(3):287‐292.
  • Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S et al. Obesity and the risk of myocardial infarction in 27,000 participants from 52 countries: a case‐control study. Lancet, 2005, 366(9497):1640‐1649.
  • Gelber RP, Gaziano JM, Orav EJ et al. Measures of obesity and cardiovascular risk among men and women. Journal of the American College of Cardiolog, 2008, 52(8):605‐615.
  • Zhu S, Heymsfield SB, Toyoshima H et al. Race‐ethnicity‐specific waist circumference cutoffs for identifying cardiovascular disease risk factors. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2005, 81(2):409‐415.
  • Huxley R, Barzi F, Lee CM et al. Waist circumference thresholds provide an accurate and widely applicable method for the discrimination of diabetes. Diabetes Care, 2007, 30(12):3116‐3118.
  • Huxley R, James WP, Barzi F et al. Ethnic comparisons of the cross‐sectional relationships between measures of body size with diabetes and hypertension. Obesity Reviews, 2008, 9 Suppl 1:53‐61.
  • Nyamdorj R, Qiao Q, Lam TH et al. BMI compared with central obesity indicators in relation to diabetes and hypertension in Asians. Obesity (Silver Spring), 2008, 16(7):1622‐1635.
  • Qiao Q, Nyamdorj R. The optimal cutoff values and their performance of waist circumference and waist‐to‐hip ratio for diagnosing type II diabetes. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2010b, 64(1):23‐29.

Osteoporosis Risk Assessment Instrument (ORAI)

  • Cadarette SM, Jaglal SB, et al. Development and validation of the Osteoporosis Risk Assessment Instrument to facilitate selection of women for bone densitometry. CMAJ (Canadian Medical Assoc J). 2000; 162: 1289-1294.

Male Osteoporosis Risk Estimation Score (MORES)

  • SHOBHA S. RAO, NITIN BUDHWAR, AMBREEN ASHFAQUE. Osteoporosis in Men. Am Fam Physician. 2010;82(5):503-508.
  • Shepherd AJ, Cass AR, Carlson CA, Ray L. Development and internal validation of the male osteoporosis risk estimation score. Ann Fam Med. 2007;5(6):540-546.

Neck Circumference (NC)

  • Yang GR, Yuan SY, Fu HJ, Wan G, Zhu LX, Bu XL. Neck circumference positively related with central obesity, overweight, and metabolic syndrome in chinese subjects with type 2 diabetes: Beijing community diabetes study 4. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:2465–7.
  • Liubov (Louba) Ben-Noun, Ezra Sohar, Arie Laor. Neck Circumference as a Simple Screening Measure for Identifying Overweight and Obese Patients. OBESITY RESEARCH Vol. 9 No. 8 August 2001.
  • Ben-Noun L, Sohar E, Laor A. Neck circumference as a simple screening measure for identifying overweight and obese patients. Obesity Res. 2001;9(8):470–7.
  • F.N. Kılınç, B. Çakır, S.E. Durmaz, et al. Evaluation of obesity in university students with neck circumference and determination of emotional appetite. Progress in Nutrition 2019;21(2):00-00 DOI: 10.23751/pn.v21i2.7644.
  • Matthew L. Ho, Steven D. Brass. Obstructive sleep apnea. Neurology International 2011; volume 3:e15.
  • Robert M. Wolfe, Jonathan Pomerantz, Deborah E. Miller, ET AL. Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Preoperative Screening and Postoperative Care . J Am Board Fam Med 2016;29:263–275.
  • Young T., Shahar E., Nieto J. et al. for the Sleep Heart Health Study Research Group. Predictors of sleep-disordered breathing in community-dwelling adults. Arch. Intern. Med. 2002; 162: 893–900.
  • Cabrera et al Risk of obstructive sleep apnea in open-angle glaucoma versus controls using the STOP-Bang questionnaire. CAN J OPHTHALMOL—VOL. 53, NO. 1, FEBRUARY 2018.
  • Katz I, et al. “Do patients with obstructive sleep apnea have thick necks?” Am Rev Respir Dis. 1990 May;141(5 Pt 1):1228-31.
  • Davies RJ and Stradling JR. “The relationship between neck circumference, radiographic pharyngeal anatomy, and the obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome.” Eur Respir J. 1990 May;3(5):509-514.

Neck Circumference-to-Height Ratio (NHR)

  • Ho AW, Moul DE, Krishna J. Neck circumference-height ratio as a predictor of sleep related breathing disorder in children and adults. J Clin Sleep Med 2016;12(3):311–317.

Body Mass Index (BMI) and Waist Circumference (WC)

  • NHLBI Obesity Education Initiative. The practical guide: Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and obesity in adults. NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH NATIONAL HEART, LUNG, AND BLOOD INSTITUTE NORTH AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE STUDY OF OBESITY; 2000.
  • U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Classification of Overweight and Obesity by BMI, Waist Circumference, and Associated Disease Risks. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/
  • Garvey WT, Mechanick JI, Brett EM, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology comprehensive clinical practice guidelines for medical care of patients with obesity. Endocr Pract. 2016;22(suppl 3):1-203.
  • World Health Organization. Report of a WHO Consultation on Obesity. Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1998.
  • World Health Organization. Waist Circumference and Waist-Hip Ratio. Report of a WHO Expert Consultation. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008.

Body Mass Index (BMI) and Waist-to-Hip Ratio (WHR)

  • Karine R. Sahakyan, et al. Normal-Weight Central Obesity: Implications for Total and Cardiovascular. Ann Intern Med. 2015;163:827-835. doi:10.7326/M14-2525
  • Cerhan JR, Moore SC, Jacobs EJ, Kitahara CM, Rosenberg PS, Adami HO, et al. A pooled analysis of waist circumference and mortality in 650,000 adults. Mayo Clin Proc. 2014;89:335-45. [PMID:24582192]
  • Kahn HS, Bullard KM, Barker LE, Imperatore G. Differences between adiposity indicators for predicting all-cause mortality in a representative sample of United States non-elderly adults. PLoS One. 2012;7:e50428. [PMID: 23226283]
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  • Manolopoulos KN, Karpe F, Frayn KN. Gluteofemoral body fat as a determinant of metabolic health. Int J Obes (Lond). 2010;34:949-59. [PMID:20065965]

Wrist Circumference to Height (WH)

  • Grant JP, Custer PB, Thurlow J. Current techniques of nutritional assessment. Surg Clin North Am. 1981;61:437–463.
  • Wills SD, Bhopal RS. The challenges of accurate waist and hip measurement over clothing: Pilot data. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2010;4:e239–e244.
  • Younes Jahangiri Noudeh, Farzad Hadaegh, Nasibeh Vatankhah. Wrist Circumference as a Novel Predictor of Diabetes and Prediabetes: Results of Cross-Sectional and 8.8-Year Follow-up Studies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, February 2013, 98(2):777–784.

Body Frame Size

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    3. Bray G. Definition, measurement and classification of the syndromes of obesity. Int J Obesity. 1978;2:99-112.
    4. Lagua RT, Claudio VS. Nutrition and Diet Therapy Reference Dictionary. 4 th ed. New-York, Chapman & Hall, Appendix, 1996;21:415.
    5. Mitchell MC. Comparison of determinants of frame size in older adults. J Am Diat Assoc. 1993;93:53-57.

Body Surface Area

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  • Wang Y, Moss J, Thisted R. Predictors of body surface area. J Clin Anesth. 1992;4(1):4-10.
  • Tsutomu Kouno, Noriyuki Katsumata, Hirofumi Mukai, et al. Standardization of the Body Surface Area (BSA) Formula to Calculate the Dose of Anticancer Agents in Japan. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2003;33(6):309–313.
  • Lee, J-Y et al. Determination of Body Surface Area and Formulas to Estimate Body Surface Area Using the Alginate Method. J Physiol Anthropol. 2008;27:71–82.
  • Verbraecken J, et al. Body surface area in normal-weight, overweight, and obese adults. A comparison study. Metabolism Clinical and Experimental. 2006;55:515-524.

Lean Body Mass

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  • Gallagher et al. Healthy percentage body fat ranges: an approach for developing guidelines based on body mass index. Am J Clin Nutr, 2000. 72(3):694–701.

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

  • Joseph M. Gupta RD, Prema L, Inbakumari M, Thomas N. Are Predictive Equations for Estimating Resting Energy Expenditure Accurate in Asian Indian Male Weightlifters? Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2017 Jul-Aug;21(4):515-519.
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  • Oliveira B, Sridharan S, Farrington K, Davenport A. Comparison of resting energy equations and total energy expenditure in haemodialysis patients and body composition measured by multi-frequency bioimpedance. Nephrology (Carlton). 2018 Aug;23(8):748-754.

Total Daily Energy Expenditure/Physical Activity Level

  • Black AE , Coward WA , Cole TJ , Prentice AM . Human energy expenditure in affluent societies: an analysis of 574 doubly-labelled water measurements. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1996 Feb;50(2):72-92.
  • Stroud MA, Coward WA & Sawyer MB. Measurements of energy expenditure using isotope-labelled water (H20) during an Arctic Expedition. Eur. J. Appl. Phsyiol.1993; 67:375-379.
  • Westerrerp KR, Saris WHM, van Es M, et al. Use of the doubly labeled water technique in humans during heavy sustained exercise. J. Appl. physiol. 1986;61: 2162-2167.
  • James WPT, Ferro-Luzzj, Waterlow JC. Definition of chronic energy deficiency in adults. Report of a working party of the International Dietary Energy Consultancy Group. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 1988;42:969-981.
  • FAO/WHO/UNU (1985): Energy and protein requirements. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO/UNU consultation. Techm. Rep. \er.724.Geneva.’ World Health Organization.
  • Department of Health: Dietary reference values for food energy and nutrients for the United Kingdom. Rep. HIth Soc. Subj. 1991;41: London: HMSO.

Ideal Body Weight

  • Pai MP, Paloucek FP. The origin of the “ideal” body weight equations. Ann Pharmacother 2000;34:1066–9.
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  • Peterson CM, Thomas DM, Blackburn GL, Heymsfield SB. Universal equation for estimating ideal body weight and body weight at any BMI. Am J Clin Nutr 2016;103:1197–203.

Total Body Water (TBW)

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  • Chumlea WC , et al. Total body water reference values and prediction equations for adults. Kidney Int. 2001 Jun;59(6):2250-8.

Fantastic Lifestyle Assessment Questionnaire (FLAQ)

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  • The Fantastic Lifestyle Checklist: Design and Application. Douglas M. C. Wilson. Recreation Research Review, vol. 11, no. 4, December 1984, pp. 17-21. Ontario Research Council on Leisure, Department of Recreation, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1.
  • Douglas M. C. Wilson Eleanor Nielsen Donna Ciliska. Lifestyle Assessment: Testing the FANTASTIC Instrument. Can Fam Physican 1984; 30:1863-1866.
  • Jacqueline K. Sharratt Michael T. Sharratt Diana M. Smith Marion J. Howell Lynda Davenport. FANTASTIC Lifestyle Survey Of University of Waterloo Employees. Can Fam Physician 1984; 30:1869-1872.
  • Yvonne Kason Veli J. Ylanko. FANTASTIC Lifestyle Assessment: Part 5 Measuring Lifestyle in Family Practice. Can Fam Physician 1984; 30:2379-2383.
  • Ciro Romélio Rodriguez Añez, Rodrigo Siqueira Reis, Edio Luiz Petroski. Brazilian Version of a Lifestyle Questionnaire: Translation and Validation for Young Adults. Arq Bras Cardiol 2008;91(2):92-98.
  • Philip A Decina, Marion McGregor, Carol Hagino. Lifestyle analysis: a comparative study between freshman, second and fourth year chiropractic students. JCCA 1990; 34(2): 69-74.
  • Mahdieh Momayyezi, Hossein Fallahzadeh, Mohammad Momayyezi. Construction and Validation the Lifestyle Questionnaire Related to Cancer. Iran J Cancer Prev. 2015 October; 8(5): e3965. doi: 10.17795/ijcp-3965
  • Kay Wilhelm, Tonelle Handley, Prasuna Reddy. Exploring the validity of the Fantastic Lifestyle Checklist in an inner city population of people presenting with suicidal behaviours. The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry (ANZJP) 2015. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867415621393

Rand SF-36 Health Survey (SF-36)

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  • Ware, J. E., & Sherbourne, C. D. (1992). The MOS 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Medical Care, 30, 473-83. doi:10.1177/14034948980260040401
  • Ware, J. E. (2000). SF-36 health survey update: SPINE, 25, 3130-3139. doi:10.1177/1049731507300152
  • Abbott, S., Hobby, L., & Cotter, S. (2006). What is the impact on individual health of services in general practice settings which offer welfare benefits advice? Health & Social Care in the Community, 14, 1-8. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2524.2005.00582
  • Hopman, W. M., Berger, C., Joseph, L., Towheed, T., VandenKerkhof, E. Anastassiades, T. , Papadimitropoulos, E. A. (2006). The natural progression of health-related quality of life: results of a five-year prospective study of SF-36 scores in a normative population. Quality of Life Research, 15, 527-536.
  • Thumboo, J., Cheung, Y., & Machin, D. (2005). Does being bilingual in English and Chinese influence changes in quality of life scale scores? Evidence from a prospective, population-based study. Quality of Life Research, 14, 529-538. doi:10.1007/s11136-004-4848-y